Representanter for tre slekter av gullveps: Hedychrum (t.v.), Chrysis (øverst) og Omalus (t.h.). Foto: A. Staverløkk/NINA
For første gang er det gjort en helhetlig sammenstilling av kunnskapen om gullveps (Chrysididae) i Skandinavia og Baltikum. Bruken av DNA-barkoding har satt fart på kunnskapsoppbyggingen hos denne vepsefamilien som anses som svært vanskelig taksonomisk. Totalt 73 arter er kjent fra studieområdet og blant disse er 37 påvist i Norge.
Gullveps tilhører broddvepsene (Aculeata) og er en stor insektgruppe med mer enn 2500 beskrevne arter på verdensbasis. Totalt 450 av disse er kjent fra Europa og mangfoldet av gullveps er størst i Middelhavsområdet. Ganske få arter er kjent fra våre nordlige områder og totalt kjenner vi 73 arter fra Skandinavia og Baltikum, mens kun 37 av disse er hittil påvist i Norge (Paukkunen et al. 2014).
Til tross for sitt vakre utseende, har gullveps tradisjonelt vært lite populære blant samlere, trolig pga. at de har vært svært vanskelig å artsbestemme og at taksonomien til dels har vært svært uklar. Den senere tiden er det imidlertid gjort store framskritt i taksonomien takket være bruken av DNA-barkoding. Dette har løst en rekke problemer innen den store og vanskelige slekten Chrysis (Soon et al. 2014). Fortsatt gjenstår noen taksonomiske utfordringer innen det vanskelige Chrysis ignita-komplekset i tillegg til at DNA-studiene indikerer at arten Omalus aeneus muligens består av fem arter i Skandinavia hvorav tre finnes i Norge.
Hele 14 nye gullvepsarter er påvist i Norge de siste årene gjennom kartleggingsarbeidene som er utført av NINA gjennom prosjektene ARKO, INVENT-ART og ACUNOR. Dette gjelder Cleptes semicyaneus, Omalus biaccinctus, Omalus puncticollis, Psudomalus triangulifer, Elampus foveatus, Chrysis corusca, C. equestris, C. pseudobrevitarsis, C. vanlithi, C. subcoriacea, C. terminata, samt tre ubeskrevne arter.
Gullvepsene er utpregete varmeelskende solskinnsdyr. Alle gullveps er parasittoider, dvs. at de dreper vertene sine, og i tillegg kan de betraktes som kleptoparasitter ved at de også tar matlageret til vertslarvene. De har tilpasset sin flygetid til vertsartene og man kan finne ulike arter fra tidlig i mai til begynnelsen av august.
Vertene til gullveps er i våre områder er andre vepsearter. Underfamilien Cleptinae (2 arter i Norge) parasitterer planteveps (Diprionidae og Tenthredinidae), mens Chrysidinae (35 arter i Norge) parasitterer ulike arter av broddveps (Aculeata). Tribus Elampini (14 arter), er spesialister på ulike arter av graveveps (Crabronidae), mens de fleste artene innen den andre tribusen, Chrysidini (21 arter), utnytter murerveps (Eumeninae). Unntak er slekten Chrysura (2 arter) som parasitterer murerbier (Osmia) og slekten Trichrysis (1 art) som parasitterer vedlevende graveveps.
Med de to arbeidene som er referert under, har kunnskapen om gullveps i våre området blitt løftet flere hakk. Denne uka lanseres også Artsdatabankens løsning “Gullveps på Nett” der du kan lese litt om alle artene og se flotte bilder av disse fantatisk, metallglinsende insektene. Velkommen til gullvepsenes fascinerende verden!
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