Maur er sosiale insekter som humler og stikkeveps, men i motsetning til disse insektgruppene er maursamfunnene flerårige. Dette danner grunnlag for mange interessante biologiske fenomen. Maurtuer er mektige byggverk i skogen som alle legger merke til. Men, faktisk er det ikke så mange maur som lager tuer. Av de 60 utendørslevende maurartene vi kjenner i Norge er det kun 14 stykker som regulært lager tuer. Og på verdensbasis er dette kun unntaksvis for de 15 680 maurartene som er kjent (tallet inkluderer også underarter). De fleste maur danner samfunn nede i jorda eller i morken ved og under bark. En stor andel av maurartene er parasittiske ved at de snylter på andre maur.
Maursamfunnet består av ei eller flere dronninger og tusenvis av arbeidere. En gang i året produserer dronninga kjønna individer, hanner og hunner, som har vinger. Disse svermer, gjerne en bestemt dag på året, og de ulike maurartene har ulik svermetid for å hindre hybridisering. Når hunnen er paret, biter hun av seg vingene og er klar tid å etablere et nytt samfunn. Det er en tung jobb å etablere ei ny maurtue så skogsmaurdronningene er smarte og oppsøker etablerte samfunn av andre maurarter (sauemaur) og tar over disse. Den dreper sauemaurdroninnga og bruker sauemaurarbeiderne som slaver (sau=slave) for å fostre opp sine egne arbeidere. Skogsmaur er således temporære parasitter inntil sauemaurene etterhvert dør ut og tua består av dronningas egne arbeidere.
Maurtua består av ansamlinger av dødt plantemateriale som barnåler, småkvist og tørt gras, men også en del jord og mineraler i form av sandkorn. Inni tua finnes ulike kammere der maurene fostrer opp egg, larver og pupper. Et maursamfunn kan ha en eller flere dronninger som legger egg. Maurtua er ikke bare et hjem for maursamfunnet, men et eget økosystem som huser en rekke andre arter som lever i samliv med maurene. Noen er fiender og andre er nyttedyr, mens mange ikke påvirker maursamfunnet men får egen beskyttelse. Mer enn 50 ulike insektarter kan finnes regelmessig i maurtuer, mest biller men også sommerfugler, blomsterfluer og edderkopper.
Maurtuer i skog kan bli svært høye, men sjelden over 2m høye og 10m i omkrets. Rekorden er imidlertid 2,9 m høy for nordlig skogmaur (Formica aquilonia), omkretsen er målt til hele 20m på ei tue av glatt skogmaur (Formica polyctena) i Sverige. Slike gigant-tuer kan bestå av flere millioner maur. En betydelig del av maurtua er også under bakkenivå. Hensikten med å lage høye tuer er å samle varme. Tidlig på våren mens det enda er frost i marka, kan det være 20-25 grader inne i tua der dronningene er i full gang med eggproduksjon. Det finnes belegg for at maurtuene kan bli oppimot 100 år gamle, men dette er svært vanskelig å måle. Men, det er ikke noe i veien for at tuene kan bli enda eldre siden samfunnet hele tiden kan adoptere nye dronninger for å holde produksjonen i gang. Men, trolig kan de bli flere hundre år (200-300 år) dersom de får stå i uforstyrret skog. Ei tue kan imidlertid gå til grunne dersom miljøforholdene blir endret. På den andre tiden, hos noen ikke tuedannende maur, er det vist at de kan bytte bosted flere ganger i året.
lol disee humlene ser de rare ut ja :-/ ?
Les enregistreurs de frappe sont actuellement le moyen le plus populaire de suivi des logiciels, ils sont utilisés pour saisir les caractères au clavier. Y compris les termes de recherche saisis dans les moteurs de recherche, les e – Mails envoyés et le contenu du chat, etc.
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