Humledøden under blomstrende lind har vært et mye observert, omtalt og omdiskutert tema etter at Aftenposten tok opp dette i sommer. Ikke rart at mange uttrykker bekymring og undring når man nærmest vasser i døde og halvdøde humler under lindetrær i parker og alléer over hele landet. Det er lett å tro at noe er alvorlig galt når insektene begynner og regne ned fra himmelen. Dette skyldes både uklarheter omkring hva som er årsaken til humledøden og hvilke konsekvenser det vil ha for humlebestandene. Både forskere, politikere, gartnere og birøktere er i villrede om hvordan man skal reagere på dette og hvilke tiltak som bør iverksettes.
Et skrikende kunnskapsbehov
Vitenskapelig sett er problemstillingen svært interessant. Det finnes flere tilsynelatende motstridende hypoteser som ingen støttes fullt ut av feltobservasjoner og biologiske teorier. Det er derfor helt nødvendig å forske mer på dette for å forstå årsakene til den mystiske humledøden.
Hovedteoriene går på hvorvidt humlene forgiftes av lindenektaren eller om humlene sulter i hjel foran matfatet. Andre hevder at humlene dør en naturlig død siden linda blomster seint og samtidig med at humlebestanden er på topp og mange humler likevel skal dø. Ingen av disse teoriene kan foreløpig bekreftes eller avvises. Det er også interessant at døden under humletrærne ser ut til å gjelde humler og i liten grad honningbier, som også har et omfattende nektartrekk på lind.
Sulter i hjel foran matfatet?
Det er vanskelig å tenke seg at døden under lindetrærne er et naturlig fenomen på grunn av flere forhold. For det første er fenomenet sjelden å se på andre seintblomstrende planter, og det ser ut til å være flere døde humler under fremmede og hybridiserte lindetyper enn vanlig lind. I tillegg er mengdene enorme – flere tusen dyr kan ligge under enkelte trær og det er vanskelig å forklare hvorfor de skulle sulte i hjel mens de faktisk spiser lindenektar.
Forgiftningshypotesen har vært knyttet til sukkerstoffet mannose, som har vært hevdet at finnes i lindenektar. Men ved å fore døende humler med nektar fra samme tre som de er funnet under, har humlene kviknet til igjen. Kjemiske undersøkelser klarte heller ikke å påvise mannose i nektaren. Studier har imidlertid vist at dødende humler, som ligger under lindetrær, et tomme for trehalose (opplagsnæring), noe som indikerer at de nærmest sulter i hjel. Man mener da at dette kan forklares med at lindeblomstene tiltrekker humler etter at de er tomme for nektar slik at de forgjeves surrer rundt et tomt matfat helt til de går tomme for energi.
Når det er sagt, vet vi også at blomsterbesøkende insekter normalt er ekstremt flinke til å fortsette søket andre steder når de finner en tom matkilde. Samtidig er det veldig lite smart av en plante å bruke energi på å tiltrekke en pollinator for så å ta livet av den. Selv om det er lite nektar, trenger ikke matkilden egentlig å være tom. Dersom humlene er veldig sultne vil det til enhver tid for parklind sitt vedkommende, være store mengder energirik honningdugg fra bladlus tilgjengelig, som bør være en god matkilde for dem. Kan det eventuelt være noe med eller i honningduggen som er problemet? Humledøden er like omfattende på sølvlind og storlind, som ikke produserer særlig honningdugg, så det er lite trolig.
Kanskje forgiftningshypotesen likevel har noe for seg? Men med andre stoffer enn mannose inne i bildet? Det er i alle fall vanskelig å forklare biologisk hvorfor insekter skal bruke tid på å surre over en tilsynelatende tom matkilde.
Giftig likevel?
At humlene kvikner til igjen etter å ha blitt foret på lindenektar under kontrollerte forhold, trenger ikke å være representativt for situasjonen humlene opplever i naturen. Man har jo sett at humledøden er verre i varme og tørre sesonger. Kan det være fordi man får oppkonsentrering av stoffer som normalt ikke er giftige, eller kan det være noe med pollenet eller honningduggen?
Eller skjer det noe med nektaren i blomstene? Noen hevder også at nektaren kan være angrepet av giftig sopp som enten medfører gjæring eller annen forgiftning. Det er vanlig at sommerfugler for eksempel spiser gjæret frukt og blir beruset. De sitter da på bakken og kan plukkes som bær, men kommer seg etter en stund når rusen er over. Selv om dyrene ikke skulle bli særlig beruset av gjæret nektar, kan dryppende honningdugg også medvirke til at dyrene faller til bakken og bli klissete slik at de har vanskelig for å bevege seg, og kanskje de dør av sult og utmattelse før de har sovet ut rusen? Men igjen, sølvlind og storlind har ikke honningdugg i den grad at humledøden der kan forklares ut fra dette.
En annen hypotese er at blomstene skiller ut stoffer som forstyrrer humlenes hormon- eller nervesystemet slik at de nærmest blir gale og ikke forstår at de må fly til andre blomster der det er mat. Siden humledøden først og fremst er observert i byer og jordbruksområder, kan det heller ikke utelukkes at lindeblomstene akkumulerer toksiske stoffer fra ulike typer forurensning.
Man bør også se på i hvilken grad de hybridiserte og fremmede lindeartene bidrar sterkere til humledøden enn vanlig lind. Nettopp hos slike varianter av lind kan man tenke seg at det kan oppstå nye egenskaper som den finjusterte balansen mellom plante og pollinator ikke har rukket å tilpasse seg.
Siden man ofte observerer fenomenet i byene, der lindetrærne ofte står som øyer i en varm asfaltjungelen, kan det tenkes at humlene raskere bli utmattet av varme og dehydrering dersom trærne er tomme for mat.
For å forstå hva som egentlig skjer, trengs åpenbart mer forskning. Dette krever omfattende eksperimentelle studier og samarbeid mellom entomologer, fysiologer og biokjemikere/toksikologer.
Hvilken betydning har dette for humlebestandene?
Kanskje har humledøden under lindetrærne mindre betydning for bestandene enn man skulle tro? Dette fordi linda blomstrer på et tidspunkt da humlebestandene er på topp og de fleste arbeiderne likevel snart skal dø. Men dersom store mengder humlearbeidere dør ett par uker tidligere enn normalt, kan det faktisk ha vesentlig betydning. På denne tiden er det kjønnsindividene i humlebolet som fostres opp og et frafall i arbeiderstokken kan derfor ha stor indirekte betydning på produksjonen av nye dronninger og hanner. De nye dronningene, som klekkes på ettersommeren, er ute av bolet en liten tur for å pare seg og ta til seg opplagsnæring til overvintringen. Dersom disse dronningene tiltrekkes av lind og lider samme skjebne som arbeiderne, vil det være særlig alvorlig for bestanden.
Man bør også se på artssammensetningen av humler under lindetrærne. Det kan se ut som om det er jordhumlene som dominerer totalt, og i mindre grad truete arter, selv om disse normalt vil være fåtallige i byene og vanskelig å oppdage. Trolig er det hovedsakelig korttungete arter som oppsøker lind. Disse artene er i mindre grad truet. Samtidig er det de vanlige humleartene som står for storparten av pollineringen av frukt og bær i bynære strøk og i jordbrukslandskapet. Dersom linda medfører vesentlig nedgang i bestandstall for vanlige humlearter, kan det få økonomiske konsekvenser for bonden.
Hva bør man gjøre?
For å finne ut mer om hvilken betydning lindedøden har for humlebestandene, vil det være vesentlig å sette i gang et overvåkingsopplegg slik at man kan finne ut noe om omfanget av humledøden og ikke minst variasjonen fra år til år. Man bør også registrere arts- og kastesammensetningen på døde humler og sammenligne dette med humlediversiteten i nærmiljøet og med levende humler som besøker lindetrær. Man bør også overvåke forskjeller mellom ulike fremmede, hybridiserte og naturlige lindetyper.
Inntil man vet mer, er det vanskelig å peke på hva som er de rette tiltakene. Man bør også tenke på at lind er ei god trekkplante for honningbier, som i liten grad reagerer på nektaren. Honningbia er riktignok et husdyr, og slik sett en fremmed art i norsk natur, der man uansett kan tilpasse bestandsstørrelse til ressursgrunnlaget. Man kan imidlertid tenke seg større konkurranse mellom honningbier og villbier (inkl. humler) mot slutten av sesongen dersom man slutter å plante lind.
På den andre siden, har planting av parklind, Tilia x europea, og storlind, Tilia platyphyllos, medført at vi nå har fått etablert den svartelistete tegearten Deraeocoris lutescens (Svært høy risiko) i store mengder på Østlandet. Dette er et lite insekt som suger plantesaft fra bladene og som kan medføre stor skade på naturlige lindetrær (Tilia cordata) og forstyrre balansen i naturlige økosystemer. Å unngå spredning av fremmede lindearter og nyplanting av parklind vil også bidra til å begrense import av denne.
Så for humlenes del, og for opprettholdelse av biologisk mangfold i bynære strøk, mener jeg det vil være et viktig tiltak å unngå nyplanting av fremmede lindesorter. Når det gjelder eventuell hogst av lindetrær, bør man først få større klarhet i omfanget og hvor alvorlig problemet er. Parklind ser ut til å være steril og er slik sett lettere å kontrollere, men dersom det viser seg at storlind sprer seg i naturen, kan det være et tilleggsargument for å regulere lindebestanden.
Foreløpig er det altså mange hypoteser og få sikre svar. Vi får bare håpe de bevilgende myndigheter også ser behovet for økt kunnskap om fenomenet rundt humledøden under lindetrærne.
Litteratur
Baal, T., Denker, B., Muhlen, W., Popp, M., Riedel, V. & Surholt, B. 1991. Physiological, ethological and ecological questions on the death of insects visiting late flowering lime trees. Apidologie 22: 430-432.
Baal, T., Denker, B., Muhlen, W., Reidel, V. & Surholt, B. 1992. Composition of sugars present in the organism of bumble bees foraging on lime tree flowers. Apidologie 23: 333-335.
Denker, B., Baal, T., Muhlen, W., Popp, M., Riedel, V. & Surholt, B. 1992. Spectrum of sugars present in nectar of late flowering lime trees. Apidologie 23: 331-333.
Endtmann, K. J. 1990. Differentiation and toxicity of taxa of the limetree genus (Tilia) for bumble-bees and other blossom-visiting insects. Entomologische Nachrichten und Berichte 34: 155-158.
Geissler, G. & Steche, W. 1962. Natürliche Trachten als Ursache für Vergiftungserscheinungen bei Bienen und Hummeln. ‘Zeitschrift für Bienen Forschung 4: 77-92.
Illies, I. 2005. Verhaltensbiologische Untersuchungen zur Trachtnutzung und zum sammelverhalten von Bienen (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). Doktoravhandling, Fakultät für Biologie der Ruhr-Universität Bochum.
Illies, I. & Mühlen, W. 2007. The Foraging Behaviour of Honeybees and Bumblebees on Late Blooming Lime Trees (Tilia spec) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Das Sammelverhalten von Honigbienen und Hummeln an spätblühenden Linden (Tilia sp.) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Entomologica Generalis 30(2): 155-165.
Madel, G. 1977. Poisoning of bumble bees by nectar of the silver lime Tilia tomentosa. Bonner Zoologische Beitrage 28: 149-154.
Maurizio, A. & Graff, I. 1969. Das Trachtpflantzen buch. Imker Freund Bucher- Ehrenwith Verlag, München.
Surholt, B., Denker, B., Baal, T. & Muhlen, W. 1992. Is the nectar of silver lime trees toxic to bumble bees? Video-recorded outdoor experiments. Apidologie 23: 335-337.
Ødegaard, F. Öberg, S., Gjershaug, J.O. & Mjelde, A. 2009. Status for humler (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus spp.) i Norge i 2010. Fauna 62(3): 70-80.
Linker til mediaoppslag og blogger
Aftenposten 17.07.14
http://www.aftenposten.no/fakta/innsikt/Ett-av-Norges-vanligste-bytrar-dreper-humler-7639415.html
Fredrikstad Blad 19.07.14
http://www.f-b.no/nyheter/forsker-slar-alarm-om-humledod-1.8515558
NRK 01.08.14
http://www.nrk.no/mr/massedod-pa-grunn-av-parktre-1.11857523
Humleskolen 01.08.14
http://humleskolen.no/nyheter/dodelig-lind/
Tønsberg Blad 02.08.14
http://www.tb.no/nyheter/mystisk-humledod-1.8530488
Rana Blad 07.08.14
http://www.ranablad.no/nyheter/article7515347.ece
Tønsberg Blad 20.10.14
http://www.tb.no/nyheter/flere-teorier-om-mystisk-humledod-1.8621069
Hei
Humlene har bygd bol i en av fuglekassene mine i sommer. Det har vært interessant å følge dem, men nå er det tilsynelatende ingen aktivitet og kassa har behov for opprenskning hvis den skal bli fuglebolig igjen. Spørsmålet er om humledronningen eller andre humler bruker bolet som overvintringsplass. I så tilfelle bør de jo få være i fred.Kommer de evntuelt til å ta det samme bolet i bruk igjen til sommeren?
Mvh
Erland
Hei Erland,
Det er nok trehumle du har fått i fuglekassene dine. De er noen tøffinger og kan faktisk jage ut meisene i kampen om fuglekassene. Humlebol er ettårige, så det er ikke noe problem å renske kassa nå. De nye dronningene, som overvintrer er nok avhengige av å finne et sted som er mer beskyttet mot kulde for å klare overvintringen. Jeg har imidlertid hørt om flere tilfeller av at trehumle lager bol på samme sted flere år på rad, men da er det nok mer snakk om at det er et svært gunstig sted å lage bol.
Mvh
Frode
Tusen takk for svar.
Da er det grønt lys for opprenskning – mye sekret på utsiden av kassa. Da blir det spennende å se om det blir for meis eller trehumle til våren. Det var interessant med humlebesøk – og det ble noen fine makrofoto også.
mvh
Erland
Humlebolet i fuglekassa ser ut til være fylt opp av en stor mengde puppelignende individer. De er foreløpig i kassa. Kan jeg “kaste dem ut”?
Nb. Har foto hvis du vil se.
MvhErland
Det er kanskje gamle kokonger? Du kan sende bilde til mail-adressa mi :-)
Hei – foto er sendt pr epost.
Erland
Hei, Frode.
Jeg finner innlegget ditt veldig interessant. Har lest noe liknende om bier, men var ikke klar over at humla var utrydningstruet. Vet du om det finnes et insekt som kan erstatte humlen og dens arbeidsoppgaver, dersom humlen forsvinner? Hva betyr humledøden for miljøet og mennesker? Er det noe vi som enkeltpersoner kan gjøre for å være med på å bevare humlebestanden?
Mvh
Ingrid
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